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Voltage Divider Rule | VDR | Electromech Lab | Deepak Sharma

on July 21, 2018

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Understanding Stall in Motors — Lessons for Robotics and Arduino Projects

Introduction In robotics and embedded systems, motors are the muscles that bring mechanical designs to life. Whether you’re building a robotic arm, a mobile rover, or a servo-controlled pan-tilt camera, motors are everywhere. But motors are not invincible. One of the most important—and often misunderstood—concepts in motor control is stall . Stall occurs when a motor is powered but unable to rotate due to excessive load or mechanical blockage. For hobbyists working with Arduino Uno and small motors like the SG90 servo or DC gear motors, understanding stall is essential to prevent burnt drivers, overheated coils, or broken gearboxes. This blog explores stall in detail: what it means, why it matters, how to detect it, and how to design robotics projects that avoid or manage stall conditions. What is Stall? Definition: Stall is the condition when a motor’s shaft speed drops to zero while voltage is applied. Stall Torque: The maximum torque a motor ca...

How to connect SG90 Servo Motor with Arduino UNO

The SG90 micro servo is one of the most popular hobby servos used in robotics and automation projects. Here are its key details: Weight: ~9 g (very compact and lightweight). Operating Voltage: 4.8–6.0 V. Current Draw: ~100–250 mA under normal load, higher at stall. Rotation Range: ~0° to 180° (limited by internal mechanical stops). Control Signal: Pulse width modulation at ~50 Hz. 1 ms pulse ≈ 0° 1.5 ms pulse ≈ 90° 2 ms pulse ≈ 180° Wiring: Red → VCC (5 V) Brown → GND Orange/Yellow → Signal (Arduino digital pin) This servo is widely used in robot arms, pan-tilt camera mounts, RC planes/cars, and small automation projects because of its low cost and ease of use. How to connect SG90 Motor to Arduino Uno Wiring connection SG90 Red (VCC) → Arduino 5 V (or external 5 V supply for stability). SG90 Brown (GND) → Arduino GND . SG90 Orange (...

How to Make a 12V DC Relay Driver Circuit?

Introduction Relays are the unsung heroes of electronics. They allow small signals to control large loads, bridging the gap between low-power logic circuits and high-power devices like motors, lights, or industrial equipment. A 12V DC relay driver circuit is one of the most common building blocks in automation, robotics, and embedded systems. In this blog, we’ll explore step-by-step how to design, build, and understand a 12V relay driver circuit , covering the theory, components, calculations, wiring, and practical applications. By the end, you’ll not only know how to make one but also how to adapt it for different projects. What is a Relay? A relay is an electromechanical switch. It has a coil that, when energized, creates a magnetic field to pull a switch contact. This allows a low-power circuit (like a microcontroller or sensor) to control a high-power device (like a lamp or motor). For example, an Arduino pin outputs only 5V at a...

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