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How to Make Automatic Room Light Controller Without Microcontroller

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You must have noticed in some offices or hotels, when nobody is in gallery or washroom, the light remains OFF but when somebody enters the place, light switches ON automatically. In this post I am going to teach you how to make this circuit. Before going ahead I would like to tell you that this is VERY EASY circuit. For this circuit the material we need is… PIR Motion sensor General Purpose PCB - 5x5 cm. Transistor 2222N – 1 No. Relay 5V – 1 No. 1K/0.250W – 2 Nos. 10K/0.250W – 1 No. IN4007 – 2 Nos. LED 3mm – 1 No. Connector – 4 Nos. Few wires. Relay Circuit Concept : We can use any relay of 12V, 24V, 5V etc. but we have to consider power supply or battery we will use. Since 5V power supply is easily available and 9V battery can also be used for 5V output (after using 7805 regulator if needed). So I am using 5V relay. PIR sensor has three terminals, One for 5Vdc Second for Gnd (0V). Third for
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How to drive high voltage/current load by small voltage signal from a microcontroller?

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Sometimes we need to control or drive a high voltage and heavy current load by a small voltage signal. For example, if you want to control water motor with your microcontroller output. We know that microcontroller gives only 5v output which is not sufficient to drive a heavy motor. This circuit, about which this post is, is very-very useful for electronics engineer and hobbyist. So pay attention! For this circuit the material we need is… General Purpose PCB - 5x5 cm. Transistor KN 2222A (TO-92) - 1 No. Relay 5V – 1 No. 1K/0.250W – 2 Nos. 10K/0.250W – 1 No. IN4007 – 2 Nos. LED 3mm – 1 No. Connector – 4 Nos. Few wires. Tools. Concept: Weak signal triggers the transistor and transistor acts as a switch for the relay. You can use any relay of 12V, 24V, 5V etc. but we have to consider power supply or battery we will use. Since 5V power supply is easily available and 9V battery can also be used for 5V output (after using 7805 regulator if needed).
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How to Read Analog Input & Use PWM pin as Analog Output

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  Analog Input: An analog signal can take on any number of values. To measure the value of analog signals, Arduino has a built-in analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC turns the analog voltage into a digital value. There is an inbuilt function to read Analog value; analogRead(pin_number). This function converts the value of the voltage on the analog input pin and returns a digital value ranges from 0 to 1023, relative to the reference value. The default reference voltage is 5 V (for 5 V Arduino boards) or 3.3 V (for 3.3 V Arduino boards). This function has only one parameter, which is the pin number.     Analog Output: The Arduino does not have any built-in digital-to-analog converter (DAC), but it can do pulse-width modulation (PWM); a digital signal to achieve some of the functions of an analog output. The function analogWrite(pin, value) is used to output a PWM signal. In the function ‘pin’ is the pin number used for the PWM output. ‘value’ is a number proportiona
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